Solar System - Planets

For our science, we have to make a solar system made up from newspaper and shoe box and then paint it.

Here are some interesting facts about planets.

Mercury - Mercury is the most cratered planet in the solar system.

Venus - Named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.

Earth - the only planet that is not named after a god.

Mars - Second smallest planet.

Jupiter - 1000 jupiters can fit into the sun.

Saturn - The only planet that has a ring.

Uranus - The first planet to be seen on a telescope.

Neptune - Named after the Roman god of the sun.

Acid Rain

What is Acid Rain?
- When fossil fuel is such as coal, oil and natural gas are burned oxides of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen escape into the air. These molecules dissolve in the water in the clouds and make the water more acidic than normal. When this happen it is called 'acid rain'.

How to make Acid Rain: 

Equipment: 3 drops of universal indicator, 3 drops of bromothynol blue, baby flower petal, calcium carbonate, apple, weigh boat

Method:

1. You need a petri dish, prepare your equipment and make them moist by adding water into them.

2. Put your equipment carefully to the petri dish and do not let them touch each other.

3. Put your weigh boat in the middle.

4. Lastly, put some acid on the weigh boat and quickly close the lid.

5. Wait for your experiment.

Observations:

According to my observations,  the universal indicator changed first, it was green before and it turn into red when the acid was put on the weigh boat. The bromothynol blue was blue before and it turned to blue to green, it has the same process as the universal indicator. The calcium carbonate didn't really change at all but it is a little bit crusty, but the baby flower petal was pink before and it started losing it colour. Lastly, the apple is harder than before as time goes by. Each equipment changed because of the acid rain.

Explanation:

The equipment change and react to the effects of the acid rain because of the acid that's been attached to them.

Microscope

Q1:  What are the key parts of a microscope?

         - Eye piece lens

         - Objective lens

         - Neck

         - Stage clip

         - Course focus knob

         - Fine focus know

         - Stage

         - Light source

         - Switch

         - Base

Q2:  How did you set up your microscope and microscope slide?

How to set up a microscope

         1. Get a microscope

         2. Get a flashlight

         3. Open the flashlight and place it in the front of the concave mirror.

         4. Put your slide on the microscope.

How to set up a microscope slide

         1. Place the specimen in the middle of a clean slide.

         2. Add 2-3 drops of the stain solution.

         3. Holding a coverslip by its edges in your left hand, manoeuvre it so that the bottom edge of the 

             coverslip makes contact with both the slide and the edge of the stain solution.

         4. Gently lower the coverslip with the tweezers, ensuring that no air bubbles are trapped under the

             coverslip.

         5. Place your slide on the microscope stage and examine it under low-power magnification.

Q3: What did you observe down the microscope?

         - I saw that you need to be in a dark place in order to use the microscope because you won't be 

           able to see the cells if there's a light outside, but you need a flashlight to the concave mirror so 

           that there's light to see the cells.

Q4: What are key similarities and differences between plants and animal cell?

         - I didn't saw the animal cell because the slide that we did didn't work, but we are able to see
the plant cells. I noticed that the plant cell doesn't have many cells at all, but the

*Tell me about something that was discovered using a microscope.
         - We saw something that we can't see using our eyes only, but you can see somethings that you
            can't see in our eyes by using microscope
* Tell me about different types of microscope.

          

The Digestive Process

                                                   The 5 Main Parts of the Digestive System

Oesophagus

Oesophagus (food pipe or gullet) is one of the main parts of the digestive system. It is one of the upper parts of the digestive system. Oesophagus is connected to the mouth to your stomach. When you ate something, the food goes through your food pipe to stomach. Adults food pipe are about 25 centimetres long or 9 - 10 inches.

Stomach

The oesophagus leads to the stomach. The stomach is an elastic bag which can hold up to 2 - 4 litres. When carbohydrates are at the stomach, they're starting to turn into simple sugars by the enzyme amylase. Other nutrients remain undigested. The benefits of having a stomach that it's able to expand because a large amount of food is able to be consumed before competitors arrive. Protein turns into amino acids as the breakdown o0of nutrients happens in the stomach. Contractions of the muscles in the wall of stomach aid is being digested by assisting with mechanical digestion by mixing the food with gastric juices thereby by speeding up digestion.

Small Intestine

The small intestine lies between the stomach and the large intestine. It is the small intestine where absorption of nutrients takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villi begins.The jejunum is specialised for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes. Small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum.

Large Intestine

The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. In humans, the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the waist, where it is joined to the end of the small intestine at the cecum, via the ileocecal valve. It then continues as the colon ascending the abdomen, across the width of the abdominal cavity as the transverse colon, and then descending to the rectum and its endpoint at the anal canal.^[8] Overall, in humans, the large intestine is about 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract.



Liver

The liver is an organ only found in vertebrates which remove toxic various metabolites, synthesizes proteins and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones. The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids.

Human Body - Digestive Process

Testing for Protein - The Biuret Test

                                                    Testing for Protein  -  the Biuret Test

Aim:  To test is a sample of food contains protein.

Equipment:  test tube, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), copper sulfate (CuSO4), food sample (milk).

Method: 

1. Place about 2 mL of the sample into a test tube and add 5 drops of sodium hydroxide.

2. Add 5 drops of copper sulfate.

3. Shake the test tube gently from side to side.

Results:  If the solution remains blue, then no protein is present. If the solution changes to a purple colour then protein is present in the sample.

Discussion:  The Biuret test is based on the ability of Cu (II) ions to form a  violet-coloured protein after you heat the food.

Pictures:

Egg

Before heating:                              After heating:


Milk

Before heating:                            After putting the Biuret:           After heating:

Simple and Complex Sugar Experimnt

                                            Testing for Simple Sugars - the Benedict's Test

Aim:  To test a sample of food to determine whether it contains simple sugars.

Equipment:  Bunsen burner, test tube tongs, Benedict's Solution, a sample of food.

Method:

1. Place about 2 mL of the sample into a test tube and then add 5 drops of Benedict's Solution.

2. Heat with a Bunsen burner until it changes colour.

Results:  A positive test for a simple sugar results in the Benedict's Solution changing from a blue colour to a red/orange colour.

Discussion: The Benedict's Solution changes it colours depend on how much sugar in it.

Before:                           After heating:

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                                           Testing for Complex Sugars - the Iodine Test

Aim: To test if a sample food contains complex sugars.

Equipment: Test tube, food sample, iodine solution

Method:

1. Place about 2 ml of the sample in a test tube.

2. Add 3-5 drops of iodine and mix.

Results: If complex sugars (i.e. starch) are present the iodine solution will change to brown colour to a blue/black colour

Discussion: Even though the bread and the iodine are both carbohydrates, iodine will not change its colour when it react to sugar. It's because the starch is made up of many, many sugar molecules chained together. Only the long chains found in starch are able to interact with the iodine.

Science - The Animal Kingdom

The animal kingdom is divided into two phyla  -  vertebrae and invertebrate

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
Fish Lives on water Moist skin covered with scales Breathe with gills	Swordfish

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
Amphibians Cold-blooded Larvae breathe with gills Adults breathe with lungs	Salamander

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
Reptiles (10 000 species) Cold-blooded Dry, scale skin Breathe with lungs	Skink

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
Birds (10 000 species) Covered with feathers Have wings Lay eggs with hard shells	Penguins

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
Mammals (5 500 species) Body is covered with hair or fur Breathe using lungs Warm-blooded	Dogs

Animals	Example of an Animal:	Images
True Worms ( 24 000 species ) Tube-like digestive system Body is tubular and/or made up of segments	Roundworms